Machining Milling

Types of machining milling

Milling is a type of machining process that involves the use of a cutting tool to remove material from a workpiece. The cutting tool is typically a rotating cutter that is moved along multiple axes to create complex shapes and features in the workpiece. There are several types of milling processes that are commonly used in manufacturing, each with its own unique advantages and applications.

1. Face milling: This type of milling involves the use of a cutting tool that is perpendicular to the workpiece surface. The cutter is moved along the surface of the workpiece to create a flat surface or to remove material from the top layer of the workpiece.

2. Peripheral milling: In peripheral milling, the cutting tool is moved along the circumference of the workpiece to create a circular or curved shape. This type of milling is often used to create grooves, slots, and other complex shapes.

3. End milling: End milling involves the use of a cutting tool that is perpendicular to the workpiece surface. The cutter is moved along the surface of the workpiece to create a flat surface or to remove material from the bottom layer of the workpiece.

4. Slot milling: Slot milling is a type of peripheral milling that is used to create slots or channels in the workpiece. The cutting tool is moved along the circumference of the workpiece to create a narrow channel or groove.

5. Face milling with a radius cutter: This type of milling involves the use of a cutting tool that has a curved edge. The cutter is moved along the surface of the workpiece to create a curved surface or to remove material from the top layer of the workpiece.

6. Chamfer milling: Chamfer milling is a type of peripheral milling that is used to create a beveled edge on the workpiece. The cutting tool is moved along the circumference of the workpiece to create a sloping edge.

Overall, milling is a versatile machining process that can be used to create a wide range of complex shapes and features in a variety of materials. By choosing the right type of milling process for a given application, manufacturers can achieve high levels of precision and efficiency in their manufacturing operations.

Pros and Cons of Using machining milling

Machining milling is a process of removing material from a workpiece using a rotating cutter. This process is widely used in manufacturing industries to produce complex parts with high precision. However, like any other manufacturing process, machining milling has its pros and cons.

Pros:

1. High precision: Machining milling is a highly precise process that can produce parts with tight tolerances. This makes it ideal for producing complex parts that require high accuracy.

2. Versatility: Machining milling can be used to produce a wide range of parts, from simple to complex. It can also be used to produce parts from a variety of materials, including metals, plastics, and composites.

3. Efficiency: Machining milling is an efficient process that can produce parts quickly and accurately. This makes it ideal for high-volume production runs.

4. Flexibility: Machining milling can be used for both prototyping and production runs. This makes it a versatile process that can be used throughout the product development cycle.

Cons:

1. Cost: Machining milling can be an expensive process, especially for small production runs. The cost of the equipment, tooling, and materials can add up quickly.

2. Time-consuming: Machining milling can be a time-consuming process, especially for complex parts. This can lead to longer lead times and higher costs.

3. Limited size: Machining milling is limited by the size of the workpiece and the size of the machine. This can make it difficult to produce large parts or parts with complex geometries.

4. Waste: Machining milling produces a lot of waste material, which can be costly to dispose of. This can also have environmental implications.

In conclusion, machining milling is a highly precise and versatile process that can produce complex parts quickly and efficiently. However, it can be expensive, time-consuming, and limited by the size of the workpiece and machine. It is important to consider these pros and cons when deciding whether to use machining milling in a manufacturing process.

machining milling Reference Specifications (varies for different product)

Machining milling is a process of removing material from a workpiece using a rotating cutting tool. The cutting tool is typically a multi-point tool that rotates on an axis perpendicular to the workpiece. The process is used to create complex shapes and features on a variety of materials, including metals, plastics, and composites.

The reference specifications for machining milling vary depending on the product being produced. Some common specifications include the size and shape of the workpiece, the type of material being machined, the desired surface finish, and the tolerances required for the finished product. In addition, the type of milling machine being used can also impact the reference specifications.

One important consideration when machining milling is the choice of cutting tool. The cutting tool must be selected based on the material being machined, the desired surface finish, and the tolerances required for the finished product. Common types of cutting tools include end mills, face mills, and ball mills.

Another important consideration is the cutting parameters used during the machining process. These parameters include the spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. The optimal cutting parameters will depend on the material being machined, the type of cutting tool being used, and the desired surface finish.

Overall, machining milling is a versatile process that can be used to create a wide range of complex shapes and features on a variety of materials. By carefully selecting the cutting tool and cutting parameters, manufacturers can achieve the desired surface finish and tolerances for their finished products.

Applications of machining milling and Type of Companies use machining milling

Machining milling is a process of removing material from a workpiece using a rotating cutter. It is a versatile process that can be used to create a wide range of shapes and sizes. The applications of machining milling are diverse and can be found in various industries such as aerospace, automotive, medical, and manufacturing.

Aerospace companies use machining milling to create complex parts for aircraft engines, landing gear, and other components. The process is used to create parts with high precision and accuracy, which is critical in the aerospace industry. Machining milling is also used to create molds for composite materials used in aircraft manufacturing.

Automotive companies use machining milling to create engine parts, transmission components, and other critical parts. The process is used to create parts with high precision and accuracy, which is essential for the performance and safety of the vehicle. Machining milling is also used to create molds for plastic parts used in the automotive industry.

Medical companies use machining milling to create medical devices such as implants, prosthetics, and surgical instruments. The process is used to create parts with high precision and accuracy, which is critical in the medical industry. Machining milling is also used to create molds for plastic parts used in medical devices.

Manufacturing companies use machining milling to create a wide range of products such as consumer goods, electronics, and industrial equipment. The process is used to create parts with high precision and accuracy, which is essential for the quality and performance of the product. Machining milling is also used to create molds for plastic parts used in manufacturing.

In conclusion, machining milling is a versatile process that can be used in various industries to create parts with high precision and accuracy. Aerospace, automotive, medical, and manufacturing companies are some of the industries that use machining milling to create critical parts and products.

Quality Testing Methods for machining milling and Work Process Use machining milling

Machining milling is a process that involves the use of a cutting tool to remove material from a workpiece. The process is used to create complex shapes and designs in a variety of materials, including metals, plastics, and composites. Quality testing methods are essential to ensure that the machining milling process produces parts that meet the required specifications. Here are some of the quality testing methods used in machining milling:

1. Dimensional Inspection: This method involves measuring the dimensions of the finished part to ensure that it meets the required specifications. This can be done using a variety of tools, including micrometers, calipers, and gauges.

2. Surface Finish Inspection: The surface finish of the part is also an important factor in determining its quality. Surface finish inspection involves measuring the roughness of the surface using tools such as profilometers.

3. Material Testing: The material used in the machining milling process can also be tested to ensure that it meets the required specifications. This can involve testing the hardness, tensile strength, and other properties of the material.

4. Visual Inspection: Visual inspection involves examining the finished part for any defects or imperfections. This can be done using a variety of tools, including magnifying glasses and microscopes.

5. Performance Testing: Performance testing involves testing the finished part to ensure that it performs as expected. This can involve testing the part under various conditions, such as temperature and pressure.

In conclusion, quality testing methods are essential in the machining milling process to ensure that the finished parts meet the required specifications. These methods include dimensional inspection, surface finish inspection, material testing, visual inspection, and performance testing. By using these methods, manufacturers can ensure that their products are of high quality and meet the needs of their customers.

Comprehensive Analysis of machining milling Costs: Including Visible and Hidden Costs

Machining milling costs can be divided into visible and hidden costs. Visible costs include the cost of raw materials, labor, and equipment. Hidden costs include the cost of tool wear, machine maintenance, and downtime.

The cost of raw materials is a visible cost that is easy to calculate. The cost of labor includes the wages of the machinist and any support staff, such as supervisors and quality control personnel. The cost of equipment includes the cost of purchasing and maintaining the milling machine.

Hidden costs can be more difficult to calculate. Tool wear is a hidden cost that can be significant, especially if the milling machine is used frequently. The cost of replacing worn tools can add up quickly. Machine maintenance is another hidden cost that can be significant. Regular maintenance is necessary to keep the machine running smoothly and to prevent breakdowns. Downtime is also a hidden cost that can be significant. When the milling machine is not running, it is not producing parts, which can result in lost revenue.

To minimize machining milling costs, it is important to consider both visible and hidden costs. Choosing the right raw materials and optimizing the milling process can help reduce visible costs. Regular maintenance and monitoring tool wear can help reduce hidden costs. By carefully managing both visible and hidden costs, machining milling costs can be minimized, resulting in increased profitability.

Payment Terms for machining milling and Bulk Purchase Discounts and Price Variances Among Suppliers

Payment terms for machining milling can vary depending on the supplier and the agreement between the buyer and the supplier. Generally, payment terms for machining milling are either upfront payment or payment upon completion of the work. Some suppliers may also offer payment plans or financing options for larger orders.

Bulk purchase discounts are often offered by suppliers as an incentive for buyers to purchase larger quantities of their products. These discounts can vary depending on the supplier and the quantity of the order. Buyers should always negotiate with suppliers to get the best possible bulk purchase discount.

Price variances among suppliers are common in the machining milling industry. These variances can be due to differences in the quality of materials used, the level of expertise of the supplier, and the complexity of the work. Buyers should always compare prices among different suppliers to ensure they are getting the best possible price for their order.

In conclusion, payment terms for machining milling can vary depending on the supplier and the agreement between the buyer and the supplier. Bulk purchase discounts and price variances among suppliers are common in the industry, and buyers should always negotiate with suppliers to get the best possible deal.

Chinese Regulations and Industry Standards Certifications for machining milling

In China, the machining milling industry is regulated by various government agencies and industry associations. The most important regulations and certifications for this industry are:

1. GB/T 1804-2000: This is the national standard for tolerances of linear and angular dimensions, shape, and position for metal products. It specifies the permissible deviations from the nominal dimensions and the methods of measurement.

2. GB/T 1803-2000: This is the national standard for geometrical tolerancing of products. It specifies the symbols, terms, definitions, principles, and rules for geometrical tolerancing.

3. ISO 9001: This is the international standard for quality management systems. It specifies the requirements for a quality management system that can be used by organizations to demonstrate their ability to consistently provide products and services that meet customer and regulatory requirements.

4. ISO 14001: This is the international standard for environmental management systems. It specifies the requirements for an environmental management system that can be used by organizations to enhance their environmental performance and comply with environmental regulations.

5. OHSAS 18001: This is the international standard for occupational health and safety management systems. It specifies the requirements for an occupational health and safety management system that can be used by organizations to control their occupational health and safety risks and comply with occupational health and safety regulations.

6. CE Marking: This is a certification mark that indicates conformity with health, safety, and environmental protection standards for products sold within the European Economic Area. It is mandatory for many products, including machinery and equipment.

7. CCC Certification: This is a mandatory certification for products sold in China, including machinery and equipment. It ensures that the products meet the safety, health, and environmental protection requirements of China.

In summary, the machining milling industry in China is regulated by various national and international standards and certifications. These regulations and certifications ensure that the products meet the quality, safety, and environmental protection requirements of customers and regulatory authorities.

Navigating Import Regulations and Customs for machining milling from China

Importing machining milling from China requires navigating through various import regulations and customs procedures. The first step is to identify the specific regulations and requirements for the product being imported. This includes obtaining the necessary permits, licenses, and certifications from the relevant authorities.

The next step is to ensure compliance with customs regulations. This involves providing accurate and complete documentation, including the bill of lading, commercial invoice, and packing list. The importer must also ensure that the product meets all safety and quality standards, as well as any labeling and packaging requirements.

It is also important to consider the various taxes and duties that may apply to the imported product. This includes customs duties, value-added tax (VAT), and other fees. The importer may need to work with a customs broker or freight forwarder to ensure that all taxes and duties are paid and that the product is cleared through customs.

Finally, it is important to be aware of any restrictions or prohibitions on the import of certain products. This includes products that may be subject to trade sanctions or embargoes, as well as products that may be considered hazardous or dangerous.

In summary, importing machining milling from China requires careful attention to import regulations and customs procedures. By working with experienced professionals and ensuring compliance with all requirements, importers can successfully navigate the process and bring their products to market.

Procurement and Considerations when Purchasing machining milling

Procurement of machining milling equipment involves a series of considerations to ensure that the purchased equipment meets the intended purpose and provides value for money. The following are some of the factors to consider when purchasing machining milling equipment:

1. Purpose: The intended use of the equipment should be clearly defined to ensure that the purchased equipment meets the specific needs. The equipment should be able to handle the required materials, tolerances, and specifications.

2. Capacity: The capacity of the equipment should match the expected workload. This includes the size of the workpiece, the speed of production, and the number of operations required.

3. Precision: The accuracy and precision of the equipment should be considered to ensure that the finished product meets the required specifications. This includes the accuracy of the cutting tools, the stability of the machine, and the repeatability of the process.

4. Maintenance: The ease of maintenance and availability of spare parts should be considered to ensure that the equipment remains operational and productive. This includes the accessibility of the machine components, the availability of technical support, and the cost of maintenance.

5. Cost: The cost of the equipment should be considered in relation to the expected return on investment. This includes the initial purchase price, the cost of operation, and the potential for increased productivity and profitability.

6. Safety: The safety features of the equipment should be considered to ensure that the operators are protected from potential hazards. This includes the presence of safety guards, emergency stop buttons, and warning systems.

In conclusion, the procurement of machining milling equipment requires careful consideration of the purpose, capacity, precision, maintenance, cost, and safety features. By taking these factors into account, businesses can ensure that they purchase equipment that meets their specific needs and provides value for money.

Sourcing machining milling from China: Opportunities, Risks, and Key Players

China is one of the leading countries in the world when it comes to machining milling. The country has a vast pool of skilled labor, advanced technology, and a favorable business environment that makes it an attractive destination for sourcing machining milling services. However, there are also risks associated with sourcing from China, including quality issues, intellectual property theft, and supply chain disruptions.

Opportunities

China’s machining milling industry offers a wide range of opportunities for businesses looking to source these services. The country has a large number of experienced and skilled workers who can produce high-quality products at a lower cost than many other countries. Additionally, China has a well-established supply chain that can provide businesses with access to a wide range of materials and components.

Risks

Despite the opportunities, there are also risks associated with sourcing machining milling services from China. One of the biggest risks is quality issues. While China has many skilled workers, there are also many unscrupulous operators who may cut corners to save costs. Additionally, intellectual property theft is a significant concern, as some Chinese manufacturers have been known to copy designs and sell them as their own. Finally, supply chain disruptions can also be a risk, as political or economic factors can impact the availability of materials and components.

Key Players

There are many key players in China’s machining milling industry, including Foxconn, BYD, and Huawei. These companies have established themselves as leaders in the industry and have a reputation for producing high-quality products. Additionally, there are many smaller companies that specialize in specific areas of machining milling, such as precision machining or CNC milling.

In conclusion, sourcing machining milling services from China can offer many opportunities for businesses, but it is important to be aware of the risks and take steps to mitigate them. By working with reputable suppliers and taking steps to protect intellectual property, businesses can take advantage of China’s skilled labor and advanced technology to produce high-quality products at a lower cost.

Cultivating Successful Business Relationships with Chinese machining milling Suppliers

When it comes to doing business with Chinese machining milling suppliers, building and maintaining successful relationships is crucial. Here are some tips to help you cultivate successful business relationships with your Chinese suppliers:

1. Communication: Communication is key to building a successful business relationship with your Chinese suppliers. Make sure to communicate clearly and effectively, and be open to feedback and suggestions.

2. Respect: Show respect for Chinese culture and customs, and be mindful of the language barrier. Learn some basic Mandarin phrases to help you communicate more effectively.

3. Trust: Building trust takes time, but it is essential for a successful business relationship. Be honest and transparent with your Chinese suppliers, and follow through on your commitments.

4. Quality: Chinese suppliers are known for their high-quality products, but it is important to establish quality standards and expectations upfront. Regularly inspect products and provide feedback to ensure quality standards are met.

5. Face-to-face meetings: Whenever possible, try to meet with your Chinese suppliers in person. This helps to build trust and strengthen the relationship.

6. Patience: Doing business in China can be challenging, and it takes patience to navigate cultural differences and language barriers. Be patient and persistent, and don’t give up too easily.

By following these tips, you can cultivate successful business relationships with your Chinese machining milling suppliers, which can lead to long-term success and growth for your business.

Sustainability and Environmental Considerations in machining milling Manufacturing

Sustainability and environmental considerations are becoming increasingly important in the manufacturing industry, including machining and milling. These processes can have a significant impact on the environment, from energy consumption to waste generation. Therefore, it is crucial to adopt sustainable practices to reduce the negative impact on the environment.

One way to achieve sustainability in machining and milling is to optimize the use of resources. This includes reducing energy consumption by using energy-efficient machines and processes, such as using high-speed machining and optimizing cutting parameters. Additionally, reducing material waste by using precision cutting tools and optimizing tool paths can also contribute to sustainability.

Another way to achieve sustainability is to reduce the use of hazardous materials. This can be achieved by using non-toxic cutting fluids and reducing the use of chemicals in the manufacturing process. Additionally, recycling and reusing materials can also contribute to sustainability by reducing the amount of waste generated.

Furthermore, sustainability can be achieved by adopting environmentally friendly practices in the manufacturing process. This includes reducing the use of water and energy, minimizing emissions, and reducing noise pollution. Additionally, implementing a sustainable supply chain by sourcing materials from environmentally responsible suppliers can also contribute to sustainability.

In conclusion, sustainability and environmental considerations are crucial in machining and milling manufacturing. By optimizing the use of resources, reducing the use of hazardous materials, adopting environmentally friendly practices, and implementing a sustainable supply chain, manufacturers can reduce their negative impact on the environment and contribute to a more sustainable future.

The Evolution and Market Trends in machining milling Industry

The machining milling industry has undergone significant evolution and market trends in recent years. The industry has witnessed a shift towards automation and digitalization, with the adoption of advanced technologies such as Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines, 3D printing, and robotics. This has led to increased precision, efficiency, and productivity in the machining milling process.

Another significant trend in the industry is the growing demand for customized and complex parts. This has led to the development of advanced software and tools that enable manufacturers to produce complex parts with high accuracy and speed. Additionally, the industry has witnessed a shift towards sustainable and eco-friendly practices, with the adoption of green technologies and materials.

The market for machining milling services has also experienced significant growth in recent years, driven by the increasing demand from various industries such as aerospace, automotive, medical, and electronics. The growth of these industries has led to an increased demand for precision parts and components, which has boosted the demand for machining milling services.

Furthermore, the industry has witnessed a shift towards outsourcing, with many companies opting to outsource their machining milling needs to specialized service providers. This has led to increased competition in the industry, with service providers competing on factors such as quality, speed, and cost-effectiveness.

In conclusion, the machining milling industry has undergone significant evolution and market trends in recent years, driven by the adoption of advanced technologies, growing demand for customized and complex parts, and the shift towards sustainable and eco-friendly practices. The market for machining milling services has also experienced significant growth, driven by the increasing demand from various industries and the shift towards outsourcing.

The Role of Agents and Sourcing Companies in Facilitating machining milling Purchases from China

Agents and sourcing companies play a crucial role in facilitating machining milling purchases from China. These entities act as intermediaries between buyers and manufacturers, helping to bridge the gap in communication, language, and cultural barriers. They offer a range of services, including identifying suitable suppliers, negotiating prices, managing quality control, and handling logistics.

One of the primary benefits of using agents and sourcing companies is their ability to identify reliable and trustworthy suppliers. They have an extensive network of contacts in China and can leverage their relationships to find the best manufacturers for a particular product. They also have a deep understanding of the local market and can provide valuable insights into the latest trends, pricing, and regulations.

Agents and sourcing companies also play a critical role in negotiating prices and managing quality control. They have the expertise to negotiate favorable terms and conditions with suppliers, ensuring that buyers get the best possible deal. They also conduct rigorous quality control checks to ensure that products meet the required standards and specifications.

Finally, agents and sourcing companies handle logistics, including shipping, customs clearance, and delivery. They have the necessary expertise and experience to navigate the complex logistics involved in international trade, ensuring that products are delivered on time and in good condition.

In summary, agents and sourcing companies are essential partners for buyers looking to purchase machining milling products from China. They offer a range of services that help to simplify the procurement process, reduce risk, and ensure that buyers get the best possible deal.

How to use import and export data website importyeti.com to search the company and machining milling

ImportYeti.com is a website that provides import and export data for companies. It is a useful tool for businesses that want to search for potential suppliers or customers. In this article, we will discuss how to use ImportYeti.com to search for companies that specialize in machining milling.

First, go to ImportYeti.com and create an account. Once you have logged in, you will see a search bar at the top of the page. Type in “machining milling” and hit enter. The website will then display a list of companies that have imported or exported products related to machining milling.

You can filter the results by country, date range, and product type. For example, if you only want to see companies that have imported milling machines from China in the past year, you can select those options in the filter menu.

Once you have found a company that you are interested in, you can click on their name to see more details. ImportYeti.com provides information such as the company’s address, contact information, and the products they have imported or exported. You can also see the names of the suppliers and customers that the company has worked with.

Using ImportYeti.com to search for companies that specialize in machining milling can save you time and effort. Instead of manually searching for potential suppliers or customers, you can use the website to quickly find companies that have a history of importing or exporting products related to your business. With this information, you can make informed decisions about who to work with and how to grow your business.

How to use Chinese Business Search Platform: qcc.com to check machining milling company credit

Qcc.com is a Chinese business search platform that can be used to check the credit of machining milling companies. The platform provides information on the company’s registration, credit rating, financial status, and other relevant details.

To use the platform, follow these steps:

1. Go to qcc.com and type in the name of the machining milling company you want to check in the search bar.

2. Click on the search button, and the platform will display a list of companies that match your search criteria.

3. Click on the company name to view its profile. The profile will show the company’s registration information, including its legal name, registration number, and registered address.

4. Scroll down to view the company’s credit rating and financial status. The platform uses a rating system that ranges from AAA to D, with AAA being the highest rating and D being the lowest.

5. You can also view the company’s business scope, shareholders, and other relevant information by clicking on the tabs on the profile page.

6. If you want to verify the information provided on the platform, you can contact the company directly or use other sources to confirm the details.

In conclusion, qcc.com is a useful tool for checking the credit of machining milling companies in China. By using the platform, you can quickly access important information about a company’s registration, credit rating, and financial status, which can help you make informed business decisions.

Overcoming Challenges and Facilitation of Sourcing machining milling from China

Sourcing machining milling from China can be a challenging task due to language barriers, cultural differences, and quality control issues. However, with the right approach and strategies, these challenges can be overcome, and the process can be facilitated.

One of the first steps in overcoming these challenges is to find a reliable supplier. This can be done by conducting thorough research, reading reviews, and asking for referrals from other businesses. It is also important to communicate clearly with the supplier and establish a good relationship to ensure that expectations are met.

Another challenge is ensuring quality control. This can be achieved by setting clear specifications and standards, conducting regular inspections, and implementing a quality control system. It is also important to work with a supplier who has experience in the industry and can provide references and certifications.

Language barriers can also be a challenge, but this can be overcome by using translation services or hiring a local agent who can communicate effectively with the supplier. Cultural differences can also be addressed by understanding and respecting the supplier’s culture and customs.

Facilitating the sourcing process can be achieved by using technology and automation. This includes using online platforms to communicate with suppliers, using software to track orders and shipments, and implementing a digital payment system.

In conclusion, sourcing machining milling from China can be challenging, but with the right approach and strategies, these challenges can be overcome. It is important to find a reliable supplier, establish clear specifications and standards, implement a quality control system, and use technology and automation to facilitate the process.

FAQs on Sourcing and Manufacturing machining milling in China

1. What is the process of sourcing and manufacturing machining milling in China?

The process of sourcing and manufacturing machining milling in China involves finding a reliable supplier, negotiating the terms of the contract, and overseeing the production process. This includes quality control, logistics, and communication with the supplier.

2. What are the benefits of sourcing and manufacturing machining milling in China?

The benefits of sourcing and manufacturing machining milling in China include lower labor costs, access to a large pool of skilled workers, and a wide range of manufacturing capabilities. Additionally, China has a well-established supply chain infrastructure and a large network of suppliers.

3. What are the risks of sourcing and manufacturing machining milling in China?

The risks of sourcing and manufacturing machining milling in China include quality control issues, language and cultural barriers, intellectual property theft, and supply chain disruptions. It is important to work with a reputable supplier and have a clear contract in place to mitigate these risks.

4. How can I ensure quality control when sourcing and manufacturing machining milling in China?

To ensure quality control when sourcing and manufacturing machining milling in China, it is important to work with a supplier that has a proven track record of producing high-quality products. Additionally, it is important to have a clear quality control plan in place and to conduct regular inspections throughout the production process.

5. What are the payment terms when sourcing and manufacturing machining milling in China?

The payment terms when sourcing and manufacturing machining milling in China typically involve a deposit upfront and the balance paid upon completion of the order. It is important to negotiate payment terms that are favorable to both parties and to have a clear contract in place.